In an Ovsynch protocol, what is the precise physiological effect of the final GnRH injection immediately prior to timed Artificial Insemination (AI), assuming the cow has a dominant follicle?

In an Ovsynch protocol, the final GnRH injection, administered immediately prior to timed Artificial Insemination (AI) to a cow with a dominant follicle, has a precise physiological effect centered on inducing ovulation. A dominant follicle is a large, fluid-filled structure on the ovary that contains a mature oocyte, or egg, and is producing high levels of estrogen, indicating it is nearing maturity and ready for release. GnRH, which stands for Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, is a hormone that acts directly on the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. When this GnRH injection is given, it rapidly stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release a large amount of Luteinizing Hormone, or LH. This sudden and substantial release of LH is known as the LH surge. The LH surge is the natural and immediate physiological trigger for ovulation. It causes the final maturation processes within the dominant follicle and then initiates the rupture of the follicular wall, leading to the release of the mature oocyte from the ovary. This process of oocyte release is called ovulation. By precisely timing this GnRH injection, the Ovsynch protocol ensures that ovulation occurs approximately 24 to 32 hours later, making the oocyte available for fertilization at the optimal time for the subsequent timed Artificial Insemination, thus maximizing the likelihood of successful conception.