What is the minimum recommended effective lunge space (in inches) beyond the curb for a standard freestall design to allow a mature Holstein cow to comfortably stand up and lie down?

The minimum recommended effective lunge space beyond the curb for a standard freestall design to allow a mature Holstein cow to comfortably stand up and lie down is 30 inches. Lunge space refers to the unobstructed clear area in front of a freestall where a cow extends her head and neck forward during the natural biomechanical motion of rising and lying down. When a cow transitions from lying to standing, she first lunges her head and neck forward to gain momentum and counterbalance before pushing her hindquarters up. Similarly, when lying down, she extends her head and neck forward to stabilize herself as she lowers her body. The phrase "beyond the curb" specifies that this essential lunge space must be available in the area immediately forward of the stall bed's raised edge, typically within the alley or feed lane. This critical dimension ensures that the cow can perform her natural movements without impediment, promoting comfort, reducing stress, minimizing injuries, and encouraging full stall usage.