Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) studies are both used in pipeline risk management, but they differ significantly in their approach and output. A HAZOP study is a qualitative technique used to identify potential hazards and operational problems. It involves a systematic review of the pipeline system, using guide words (e.g., "no," "more," "less") to explore deviations from the intended design or operating conditions. A team of experts brainstorms potential causes and consequences of these deviations and recommends safeguards to prevent or mitigat....
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