Explain the concept of electrochemical potential and its role in pipeline corrosion prevention.

Electrochemical potential, also known as electrode potential, is a measure of the tendency of a metal to corrode in a specific environment. It represents the electrical potential difference between a metal electrode and a reference electrode when the metal is in equilibrium with its ions in a solution. Corrosion is an electrochemical process involving the flow of electrons. Metals corrode because they tend to lose electrons and form positively charged ions in the presence of an electrolyte (like water or soil). The electrochemical potential indicates the driving force for this process. More negative electrochemical potentials indicate a greater tendency for the metal to corrode. In pipeline corrosion prevention, the concept of electrochemical potential is used in cathodic protection (CP). CP works by making the pipeline more cathodic (less prone to corrosion). This is achieved by either connecting the pipeline to a more easily corroded metal (sacrificial anode CP) or by applying an external electrical current (impressed current CP). In sacrificial anode CP, a metal with a more negative electrochemical potential than the pipeline steel (e.g., zinc, magnesium, or aluminum) is connected to the pipeline. This metal corrodes preferentially, supplying electrons to the pipeline and making it cathodic. In impressed current CP, an external power source is used to force electrons onto the pipeline, making it cathodic. The level of CP is typically monitored by measuring the electrochemical potential of the pipeline relative to a reference electrode, such as a copper-copper sulfate electrode (Cu/CuSO4). According to industry standards like NACE, a minimum negative potential (typically -0.85 volts with respect to a Cu/CuSO4 reference electrode) is required to provide adequate cathodic protection and prevent corrosion. By controlling the electrochemical potential of the pipeline, CP effectively reduces or eliminates the driving force for corrosion.