Water hammer, also known as hydraulic transient, is a pressure surge or wave that occurs in a pipeline when the fluid flow is suddenly stopped or changed. This sudden change in momentum creates a pressure wave that propagates through the pipeline, reflecting off of closed valves, pumps, or other obstructions. The impact of water hammer on pipeline integrity can be significant. The pressure surge can exceed the pipeline's design pressure, leading to pipe rupture or damage to pipeline components, such as valves and fittings. Repeated pressure surges can cause fatigue damage to the pipeline, reducing its lifespan and increasing the risk of failure. Water hammer can also cause cavita....
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