What key factor differentiates fully autonomous terminal operations from semi-automated operations regarding labor dependency?

The key factor that differentiates fully autonomous terminal operations from semi-automated operations regarding labor dependency is the extent to which human intervention is required for decision-making and operational control. In fully autonomous operations, machines and software systems make decisions and control operations with minimal or no human intervention, whereas semi-automated operations still require human operators to oversee and control certain aspects of the process. For instance, in a fully autonomous terminal, Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) would navigate the yard, pick up and deliver containers, and interact with automated cranes without any human operator directly controlling their movements. In a semi-automated terminal, human operators might remotely supervise AGVs or manually intervene in certain situations, such as resolving exceptions or handling unexpected events. This difference in labor dependency translates into significant cost savings and increased efficiency in fully autonomous terminals, but also requires more sophisticated technology and robust safety systems to ensure reliable and safe operations. Semi-automated terminals offer a balance between automation and human control, allowing for greater flexibility but potentially higher labor costs and lower overall efficiency compared to fully autonomous operations.