Describe the operational difference between track lining and track raising.

The operational difference between track lining and track raising lies in the direction of adjustment and the specific track geometry being corrected. Track lining involves adjusting the horizontal alignment of the track to correct deviations from the desired straight or curved path. This process ensures that the track is properly aligned laterally, providing a smooth ride and preventing excessive wear on the rails and wheels. Lining corrects issues like kinks or shifts in the track's horizontal position. In contrast, track raising involves adjusting the vertical alignment of the track to correct deviations in elevation. This process ensures that the track has the correct vertical profile, including proper superelevation (banking) on curves and the elimination of dips or humps in the track surface. Raising corrects issues that affect the track's vertical plane. While both track lining and track raising often involve using specialized machinery like tampers to lift and reposition the track, the primary focus of lining is horizontal correction, whereas the primary focus of raising is vertical correction. For example, if a section of track has shifted slightly to one side due to ground movement, track lining would be used to bring it back into proper alignment. Conversely, if a section of track has settled due to subgrade compaction, track raising would be used to restore the correct elevation.