Explain how parallel compression can be applied to vocals to increase perceived loudness and impact without sacrificing dynamic range.

Parallel compression, also known as New York compression, is a technique used to increase the perceived loudness and impact of vocals without significantly reducing their dynamic range. It involves blending a highly compressed version of the vocal with the original, uncompressed vocal signal. The process begins by creating a duplicate of the vocal track. On this duplicate track, a compressor is applied with aggressive settings: a low threshold, a high ratio (e.g., 10:1 or higher), a fast attack time, and a medium to fast release time. These settings result in significant gain reduction, squashing the dynamic range of the vocal and bringing up the quieter details. This heavily compressed signal is then blended back with the original, uncompressed vocal track. The uncompressed signal retains the natural dynamics and transient response of the vocal, while the compressed signal adds body, sustain, and a sense of loudness. By carefully adjusting the level of the compressed signal, you can increase the overall perceived loudness of the vocal without making it sound overly compressed or unnatural. The compressed signal fills in the gaps between the louder parts of the vocal, creating a more consistent and impactful presence. This technique preserves the peaks and valleys of the original performance while simultaneously increasing its average level, resulting in a vocal that is both dynamic and powerful.