How does the NIPP framework define the 'system of systems' concept within critical infrastructure sectors?

The NIPP (National Infrastructure Protection Plan) framework defines the 'system of systems' concept as the complex interdependencies and interconnectedness between different critical infrastructure sectors. It recognizes that individual infrastructure assets are not isolated entities but rather components of larger, integrated systems that rely on each other for their functionality. A disruption in one sector can cascade and create cascading failures across other sectors. For example, a cyberattack on the energy sector could disrupt the power supply to the communications sector, affecting internet and phone services. Therefore, protecting critical infrastructure requires understanding these complex interdependencies and managing risks across the entire system of systems, not just within individual sectors. This holistic approach emphasizes the need for cross-sector collaboration and coordinated security measures.