A secure communication protocol designed for integrating electric vehicles (EVs) with the smart grid must possess several essential attributes, including confidentiality, integrity, authentication, authorization, and availability. Confidentiality ensures that sensitive data exchanged between the EV and the smart grid, such as billing information and control commands, is protected from unauthorized access. This can be achieved through strong encryption algorithms that scramble the data, making it unreadable to anyone who does not have the correct decryption key. Integrity ensures that the data is ....
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