What are the key differences between using a grounded and ungrounded PV array configuration, and what safety considerations are associated with each?

In a grounded PV array configuration, one of the DC conductors (either positive or negative) is intentionally connected to earth ground. In an ungrounded configuration, neither DC conductor is connected to ground. The key difference lies in how fault currents are handled. In a grounded system, if a fault occurs (e.g., a conductor comes into contact with a grounded surface), a relatively large fault current will flow through the grounding conductor, tripping overcurrent protection devices (fuses or circuit breakers) and quickly disconnecting the faulted circuit. This provides a clear and predictable path for fault current, enhancing safety. In an ungrounded system, a single ground fault will not cause a large fault current to flow because there is no complete circuit path to ground. The system can continue to operate with the first ground fault, which is a potential advantage for maintaining power production. However, if a second ground fault occurs on the opposite polarity conductor, a short circuit will result, potentially leading to a dangerous arc fault. Safety considerations differ for each configuration. Grounded systems require careful design of the grounding system to ensure low impedance and effective clearing of ground faults. Ground fault protection devices (GFPDs) are typically required to detect and interrupt ground faults. In ungrounded systems, insulation monitoring devices (IMDs) are used to detect the presence of a first ground fault. These devices do not interrupt the circuit but provide an alarm, allowing operators to address the fault before a second fault occurs. Ungrounded systems require higher insulation ratings for cables and components to withstand the higher voltage stresses that can occur in the absence of a ground reference. Arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs) are also often used to detect and interrupt arc faults, which can occur in both grounded and ungrounded systems.