How does the frequency of PV module cleaning affect energy yield in a desert environment, and what cleaning methods are most effective for removing dust and soiling?

In desert environments, dust accumulation on PV modules is a significant factor reducing energy yield. The frequency of PV module cleaning directly affects energy yield by mitigating the soiling losses. The more frequent the cleaning, the lower the soiling losses and the higher the energy yield. However, there is a trade-off between the cost of cleaning and the increase in energy yield. The optimal cleaning frequency depends on the soiling rate, which varies depending on the specific desert enviro....