What strategies are useful for reducing the ripple in DC output?

Strategies useful for reducing ripple in DC output from a TENG-based power system include increasing the capacitance of the filter capacitor, increasing the switching frequency of any DC-DC converters, and using active filtering techniques. Increasing the capacitance of the filter capacitor provides a larger reservoir of charge to smooth out the voltage fluctuations. However, there are practical limits to the size and cost of capacitors. Increasing the switching frequency of DC-DC converters reduces the size of the required filter components and improves the transient response. Active filtering techniques use active components, such as operational amplifiers, to create more sophisticated filters that can effectively attenuate ripple and noise over a wide range of frequencies. For example, a properly designed LC filter (inductor-capacitor) can effectively reduce ripple by attenuating the AC components of the DC voltage.