How can the TBM's control system automatically react to sudden shifts in ground composition?

A TBM's advanced control system is designed to automatically react to sudden shifts in ground composition by monitoring various parameters and adjusting TBM operating settings in real-time. The system relies on sensors that continuously measure cutterhead torque, thrust force, penetration rate, and advance rate. A sudden increase in cutterhead torque, for example, might indicate a transition to harder rock. The control system would then automatically increase the thrust force and decrease the cutterhead speed to maintain efficient excavation and prevent cutter overload. If the penetration rate suddenly decreases, it could indicate that the cutters are worn or that the rock is becoming more resistant. The control system would then adjust the thrust force and cutterhead speed to optimize penetration. Pressure sensors in EPB and slurry TBMs monitor the face pressure. A sudden drop in face pressure could indicate a loss of ground support. The control system would then automatically adjust the slurry pressure or the screw conveyor speed to restore face stability. The control system can also adjust the soil conditioning parameters in EPB TBMs. If the soil becomes too sticky, the control system can increase the injection of polymers to improve its workability. A sophisticated control system can also use machine learning algorithms to predict changes in ground composition based on historical data and sensor readings. This allows the TBM to proactively adjust its operating parameters before the ground conditions actually change. The term 'cutterhead torque' refers to the rotational force required to turn the cutterhead. 'Thrust force' is the force applied by the TBM to push the cutterhead against the rock face. 'Penetration rate' is the distance the TBM advances into the rock per unit of time. 'Advance rate' is the speed at which the TBM is moving forward.