Shotcrete application provides immediate ground support after TBM excavation by creating a thin, hardened layer on the exposed rock or soil surface. This layer acts as a temporary skin, preventing or minimizing the immediate deterioration and loosening of the ground. It achieves this through several mechanisms. First, it provides confinement to the exposed surface, preventing small pieces of rock or soil from falling out. This is especially important in fractured or weak rock masses. Second, it seals the surf....
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