High chloride content in groundwater presents significant challenges for TBM operations primarily due to its corrosive effects on the TBM itself and on tunnel support systems. Chloride ions accelerate the corrosion of steel and other metals used in the TBM's components, including the cutterhead, hydraulic systems, and structural elements. This corrosion can lead to premature failure of these components, increasing maintenance costs and downtime. In addition to the TBM, high chloride levels can also corrode the steel reinforcement in concrete tunnel linings, reducing their s....
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