What are the implications of encountering fault zones during TBM tunneling, and how are they mitigated?

Encountering fault zones during TBM tunneling presents several challenges that can significantly impact the project. Fault zones are typically characterized by fractured and weakened rock, which can lead to face instability, increased groundwater inflow, and potential for large ground deformations. Face instability can make it difficult for the TBM to maintain a stable excavation, increasing the risk of collapse. Increased groundwater inflow can flood the tunnel, requiring pumping and potentially destabilizing t....