A water sample exhibits a turbidity of 10 NTU measured by Nephelometry. What is the MOST likely implication for chlorine disinfection efficacy?

A turbidity of 10 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) most likely implies a reduced chlorine disinfection efficacy. Turbidity refers to the cloudiness or haziness of water, caused by suspended particles like clay, silt, organic matter, and microorganisms. Nephelometry is a method used to measure this cloudiness; a higher NTU value indicates greater turbidity. Chlorine disinfection relies on the ability of chlorine to react with and inactivate pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms) present in the water. However, these suspended particles interfere with this process through several mechanisms. Firstly, many suspended particles, particularly organic matter, can react directly with chlorine, consuming it before it can reach and disinfect the pathogens. This is known as chlorine demand. For example, decaying leaves in a water source will consume chlorine. Secondly, particles can shield pathogens from chlorine exposure. Pathogens attached to or within these particles are less accessible to the disinfectant, effectively creating a barrier. Imagine trying to spray insecticide on insects hiding under leaves – some will be missed. Finally, increased turbidity reduces the light penetration in the water, which can affect the rate of some disinfection reactions. While 10 NTU is generally considered low turbidity, it is still high enough to significantly impact disinfection, especially if the water contains a high concentration of organic matter. Therefore, even though 10 NTU might seem relatively low, it suggests that a higher chlorine dose may be required to achieve the desired level of disinfection, or that pre-treatment to reduce turbidity (e.g., filtration) is necessary to ensure effective pathogen inactivation.