How does adding a 'surge tank' to a long pipe system help control sudden big pressure changes?

A surge tank, which is a vertical chamber or reservoir connected to a pipeline, controls sudden large pressure changes by acting as a buffer that absorbs and releases fluid, thereby mitigating the effects of 'water hammer'. Water hammer is a phenomenon caused by abrupt changes in fluid velocity, such as quick valve closure or pump shutdown in a long pipe system. The fluid's inertia, its inherent resistance to changes in motion, causes significant pressure waves to propagate through the pipe. During a sudden increase in pressure, known as a 'positive pressure surge', for example, when a valve rapidly closes, the fluid's kinetic energy (energy of motion) ca....