What does a higher 'friction factor' in the Darcy-Weisbach equation mean for water flowing through a pipe?

A higher 'friction factor' (f) in the Darcy-Weisbach equation directly signifies that the water flowing through the pipe encounters greater resistance. The Darcy-Weisbach equation, expressed as h_f = f (L/D) (V^2 / 2g), quantifies the 'head loss' (h_f) resulting from this frictional resistance. Head loss represents the amount of mechanical energy per unit weight of fluid that is converted into thermal energy as the water flows, primarily due to shear stress at the pipe wall and viscous forces within the fluid itself. Therefore, a higher friction factor means that for a specific pipe length (L), pipe diameter (D), and average flow velocity (V), the head loss will be proportionally greater. This increased head loss implies that more energy is dissipated, leading to several practical consequences: first, to maintain the same volumetric flow rate of water, a pump must supply more power to overcome the elevated frictional resistance. Second, if the available pumping power or initial pressure is constant, a higher friction factor will result in a reduced flow rate through the pipe. Third, a higher friction factor directly causes a more substantial pressure drop along the pipe's length, as the lost energy manifests as a reduction in the water's pressure from the inlet to the outlet.