What measures are typically implemented to minimize the impact of WEC operations on marine mammals?

Several measures are typically implemented to minimize the impact of Wave Energy Converter (WEC) operations on marine mammals. First, pre-construction surveys are conducted to establish baseline data on marine mammal populations and their distribution in the area. Second, visual and acoustic monitoring is performed during construction and operation to detect the presence of marine mammals near the WEC array. Third, exclusion zones are established around the WEC array during noisy activities, such as pile driving or blasting. These zones are designed to prevent marine mammals from approaching the WEC and being exposed to harmful noise levels. Fourth, soft-start procedures are used during noisy activities. This involves gradually increasing the noise level over time, allowing marine mammals to move away from the area before the noise reaches its maximum level. Fifth, acoustic deterrent devices (ADDs), such as pingers or seal scarers, may be used to discourage marine mammals from approaching the WEC array. Sixth, speed restrictions are imposed on vessels operating near the WEC array to reduce the risk of collisions with marine mammals. Seventh, regular inspections of the WEC structure are conducted to check for entanglement hazards. Eighth, adaptive management strategies are implemented. This involves monitoring the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and adjusting them as needed based on the results of the monitoring. Finally, reporting and documentation of all marine mammal sightings and interactions is mandatory.