What are the primary sources of noise pollution from WEC operations, and how can they be reduced?

The primary sources of noise pollution from Wave Energy Converter (WEC) operations can be divided into underwater and airborne noise. Underwater noise sources include pile driving during foundation installation, operation of hydraulic systems, movement of mechanical components, and vessel traffic for maintenance. Airborne noise sources include operation of generators, transformers, and other electrical equipment, as well as noise from vessel traffic and maintenance activities. Several methods can be used to reduce noise pollution from WEC operations. For underwater noise, bubble curtains can be used during pile driving to reduce the amount of noise transmitted into the water. These curtains consist of a ring of air bubbles that surround the pile and absorb the sound waves. Quieter pile driving techniques, such as vibratory piling, can also be used. For hydraulic systems, noise can be reduced by using quieter pumps and motors, isolating the equipment from the WEC structure, and using noise-dampening materials. For airborne noise, enclosures can be used to reduce the noise emitted by generators, transformers, and other electrical equipment. Noise barriers can also be used to block the transmission of noise to nearby areas. Vessel traffic noise can be reduced by using quieter vessels, implementing speed restrictions, and avoiding sensitive areas. Regular monitoring of noise levels should be conducted to assess the effectiveness of the noise reduction measures and to identify any areas where further mitigation is needed.