Explain the specific microstructural conditions within the Heat-Affected Zone that predispose certain alloys to liquation cracking during welding.

Liquation cracking is a form of hot cracking that occurs in the Heat-Affected Zone, the region adjacent to the weld metal that experiences high temperatures but does not melt completely. This cracking happens when certain microstructural constituents within the HAZ locally melt, or 'liquate,' at temperatures below the alloy's bulk solidus temperature, which is the temperature at which the entire alloy is expected to become fully liquid. These molten regions then become weak paths for cracking under the tensile stresses generated during welding and subsequent cooling. The specific microstructural conditions predisposing alloys to liquation cracking are primarily related to the presence and distribution of low-melting point phases, segregates, and non-equilibrium microstructures. These include: the presence of low-melting point secondary phases, which are distinct chemical compounds or solutions different from the primary matrix, often rich in alloying elements or impurities; the segregation of solute elements to grain boundaries, which are interfaces between individual crystal grains, where these elements concentrate and locally lower the melting point; and the formation of non-equilibrium eutectic structures, which are mixtures of two or more phases that solidify simultaneously at a specific, lower temperature than their individual components. During rapid heating from the welding process, there is insufficient time for these low-melting constituents to dissolve fully into the surrounding solid matrix, leading to their preferential melting. For example, in nickel-base superalloys, certain intermetallic compounds, which are phases formed between two or more metals, or carbides, compounds of carbon with metals, can liquate at grain boundaries. In aluminum alloys, silicon and magnesium can form low-melting point eutectics that melt preferentially. When these low-melting point constituents or segregates melt, they create thin films of liquid along grain boundaries or within the grain structure. These liquid films cannot support the thermally induced stresses that develop during welding solidification and contraction. Consequently, if the stresses exceed the strength of the liquid film, a crack will initiate and propagate along these weakened paths, resulting in liquation cracking.