Soil liquefaction during a seismic event significantly alters the dynamic response of a wind turbine supported by a monopile foundation by reducing soil stiffness and strength, increasing the turbine's natural frequency, and potentially leading to excessive deformation or even collapse. Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon where saturated, loose soil loses its strength and stiffness in response to shaking, such as during an earthquake. The soil essentially behaves like a liquid. A monopile foundation is a single, large-diameter pile driven into the ground to support the wind turbine tower. The monopile relies on the surrounding soil to provide support and resistance to overturning forces. During liquefaction, the soil around the monopile loses its ability to support the foundation. The soil's shear strength, which is its resistance to deformation, decreases dramatically. This loss of shear strength reduces the foundation's stiffness, making it more flexible and p....
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