How do kinetic energy interceptors work, and what are their limitations?

Kinetic Energy Interceptors (KEIs) are an important part of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS). These interceptors work by using the kinetic energy of a non-explosive "hit-to-kill" vehicle to collide with and destroy the incoming threat missile. KEIs are launched from ground-based or sea-based platforms, and they have no warheads, explosives, or chemical agents. The KEI interceptors are equipped with sophisticated sensors that can detect incoming missiles and track their trajectory. The sensors gu....