What are the different types of sensors used in nuclear missile defense systems?

The detection and tracking of ballistic missiles are crucial for any nuclear missile defense system. To achieve this, different types of sensors are utilized. There are primarily two types of sensors that are used in these systems: ground-based and space-based sensors.

Ground-based sensors are used to detect the launch of a missile. These sensors include radar systems and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensors. Radar systems can detect missile launches by using radio waves to locate the missile's position and trajectory. This information is then used to track the missile's movement and calculate its estimated point of impact. EO/IR sensors detect the heat generated by the missile launch and can provide additional tracking information, such as the missile's speed and altitude.

Space-based sensors, on the other hand, can provide an extended range of detection and tracking capabilities. These sensors include satellites equipped with infrared sensors that can detect the heat signature of a missile launch from space. Additionally, some space-based sensors are equipped with visible light sensors that can detect the bright flash of light generated by a missile launch.

Furthermore, X-band and S-band radars are also used in missile defense systems for tracking and discrimination. X-band radars are high-frequency radars that can provide detailed information about incoming missiles, such as their shape and size. S-band radars, on the other hand, have a lower frequency and provide broader coverage.

Overall, the combination of these sensors provides a comprehensive picture of the missile's movement, allowing the missile defense system to accurately calculate its trajectory and intercept it before it reaches its intended target.