Explain the specific functional advantage of a geomembrane over compacted clay as a primary barrier in a landfill liner system, considering permeability.

A geomembrane, typically a synthetic polymer sheet like High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), offers a significant functional advantage over compacted clay as a primary barrier in a landfill liner system due to its vastly superior, extremely low permeability. Permeability is a fundamental material property that quantifies its ability to allow fluids, such as landfill leachate, to pass through it, commonly expressed as hydraulic conductivity. A geomembrane exhibits hydraulic conductivity values in the range of 10^-13 to 10^-14 centimeters per second (cm/s). This represents an exceptionally low, near-absolute hydraulic barrier, meaning that the material itself is practically impermeable, and fluid migration is limited to an extremely slow process of molecular diffusion through the polymer matrix. In stark contrast, a well-constructed compacted clay liner, which forms a barrier by densifying fine-grained soil to minimize interconnected pore spaces, typically achieves hydraulic conductivity values ranging from 10^-7 to 10^-8 cm/s. Therefore, the geomembrane's permeability is six to seven orders of magnitude lower than that of compacted clay. This profound difference means a geomembrane provides a far more effective and reliable primary containment layer, drastically minimizing the potential for hazardous leachate—the liquid generated by waste decomposition—to migrate through the barrier. By preventing leachate from reaching the underlying soil and groundwater, the geomembrane offers a substantially enhanced level of environmental protection compared to a compacted clay barrier.