What is the ISO standard that provides a framework for lifecycle assessment (LCA)?

The ISO 14040 series of standards provides a framework for conducting Lifecycle Assessment (LCA). Specifically, ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 are the most relevant standards. LCA is a systematic methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service throughout its entire lifecycle, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal (cradle-to-grave). ISO 14040 outlines the principles and framework for LCA, while ISO 14044 specifies the requirements and guidelines for performing an LCA study. The ISO 14040/14044 framework consists of four main phases: goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. Goal and scope definition establishes the purpose of the study, the system boundaries, and the functional unit. Inventory analysis involves collecting data on all inputs (e.g., energy, materials) and outputs (e.g., emissions, waste) associated with the lifecycle. Impact assessment evaluates the potential environmental impacts based on the inventory data. Interpretation involves analyzing the results, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations. Using the ISO 14040 series ensures that LCA studies are conducted in a consistent, transparent, and scientifically sound manner, facilitating comparisons between different products or processes and supporting informed decision-making.