What is the function of the wicket gates in a hydraulic turbine?

The primary function of wicket gates in a hydraulic turbine is to control the amount of water flowing into the turbine runner, thereby regulating the turbine's power output and speed. Wicket gates are a series of adjustable vanes positioned around the turbine runner. They act as a flow control mechanism, directing the water at the optimal angle onto the runner blades. By adjusting the opening of the wicket gates, the amount of water entering the turbine can be increased or decreased, allowing the turbine to respond to changes in electrical load demand. When the electrical load increases, the wicket gates open to allow more water to flow through the turbine, increasing its power output and maintaining the desired speed. Conversely, when the electrical load decreases, the wicket gates close to reduce water flow, decreasing the power output and preventing the turbine from overspeeding. The wicket gates also play a role in optimizing turbine efficiency. By adjusting their angle, the water can be directed onto the runner blades in a way that minimizes energy losses and maximizes power extraction. Wicket gates are typically controlled by a governor system, which automatically adjusts their position based on the turbine's speed and power output.