The main causes of degradation in concrete dams include alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR), freeze-thaw cycles, chemical attack, erosion, and structural overloading. Alkali-aggregate reaction occurs when certain reactive minerals in the aggregate react with the alkaline cement paste, causing expansion and cracking of the concrete. Freeze-thaw cycles cause damage as water penetrates the concrete, freezes, and expands, creating internal stresses that lead to cracking and spalling (surface flaking). Chemical attack can occur from exposure to acidic water, sulfates, or other aggressive chemicals, which can ....
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