What is the likely cause of persistent wet packs at the end of a steam sterilization cycle?

Persistent wet packs at the end of a steam sterilization cycle typically indicate a problem with steam quality, air removal, loading practices, or the sterilizer's drying phase. Inadequate steam quality, such as low steam dryness fraction or superheated steam, can introduce excessive moisture into the chamber, leading to wet packs. Insufficient air removal during the pre-vacuum phase can create air pockets within the load, preventing steam from penetrating effectively and resulting in condensation. Overloading the sterilizer or improper loading techniques, such as tightly packed items, can also impede steam circulation and drying. A malfunctioning drying phase, due to a faulty vacuum system, blocked drain, or inadequate jacket temperature, will prevent proper evaporation of moisture from the load. Other potential causes include using inappropriate packaging materials that retain moisture, or allowing items to cool too rapidly after the cycle, leading to condensation. Identifying and addressing the root cause is essential to eliminate wet packs and ensure sterility.