If a saturated clay layer undergoes rapid consolidation due to an applied surcharge, what happens to the effective stress within the clay layer immediately after loading, and then over time as consolidation progresses?

A saturated clay layer is one where all the void spaces within the soil are completely filled with water. Rapid consolidation occurs when an external load, known as an applied surcharge, is placed on this clay layer quickly, meaning the load is applied in a very short duration compared to the time it takes for water to drain out of the clay. Clay has a very low permeability, which means water moves through it very slowly. Immediately after this rapid loading, the total stress within the clay layer increases instantly by an amount equal to the applied surcharge. Total stress is the overall stress on a soil element, carried by both the solid soil particles and the pore water. Because the clay is saturated and the loading is rapid, the water, being relatively incompressible, cannot escape from the voids instantaneously. Consequently, this sudden increase in total stress is initially borne entirely by the pore water. This causes a sudden and equal increase in the pore water pressure, which is the pressure of the water within the soil's voids. This additional pressure is called excess pore water pressure. Effective stress, which is the stress carried by the soil solid particles or the soil skeleton, is defined as total stress minus pore water pressure. Therefore, immediately after loading, since both total stress and pore water pressure increase by the same amount (the applied surcharge), the effective stress within the clay layer remains unchanged. The soil skeleton has not yet taken on any of the new load. Over time, as consolidation progresses, the situation changes. Consolidation is the time-dependent process of volume reduction in saturated fine-grained soils due to the expulsion of pore water under a sustained load. The excess pore water pressure created immediately after loading generates a hydraulic gradient, which is a difference in water pressure that drives water flow. This gradient causes the excess pore water to slowly drain out of the clay layer. As water drains, the excess pore water pressure gradually dissipates and decreases over time, eventually returning to its initial hydrostatic or equilibrium value. During this entire consolidation process, the total stress in the clay layer remains constant because the applied surcharge is a sustained load. As the pore water pressure decreases while the total stress remains constant, the effective stress within the clay layer progressively increases. This increase signifies that the load initially carried by the pore water is gradually transferred to the soil skeleton. The soil particles are pushed closer together by this increasing effective stress, leading to the compression of the clay layer and observed settlement at the ground surface. Consolidation is complete when all the excess pore water has drained, the excess pore water pressure has fully dissipated, and the effective stress has increased by the full amount of the applied surcharge, meaning the entire load is now carried by the soil skeleton.