In LRFD, if a beam is designed for dead, live, and snow loads, and the design yields a moment capacity just above the demand, what is the specific consequence of omitting the wind load combination, even if wind pressure is low?

In Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), structural components are designed such that the factored resistance (capacity) is greater than or equal to the factored load effects (demand). This method uses load factors applied to nominal loads to account for variability and uncertainties, and resistance factors applied to nominal material strengths. Moment capacity refers to the maximum bending moment a beam can safely withstand before failure, considering its material properties and geometry. Demand in this context is the internal bending moment induced in the beam by the applied external loads, after those loads have been multiplied by their respective load factors according to specific load combinations outlined in building codes.Omitting the wind load combination, even if wind pressure is considered low, has the specific consequence of underdesigning the beam for scenarios where wind acts simultaneously with other loads. Building codes, such as ASCE 7, mandate checking various load combinations to ensure safety under different load patterns. For example, a common LRFD load combination involves 1.2 times dead load, plus 1.0 times wind load, plus a fraction of live and snow loads. Even a low nominal wind pressure translates into a significant factored wind load when combined with other factored loads.Because the beam is designed with a moment capacity just above the demand from dead, live, and snow loads alone, there is no reserve capacity to safely resist the additional bending moment induced by wind. The beam would be rendered deficient in its actual capacity relative to the demand it could experience during a wind event. This omission directly leads to a reduced safety margin, meaning the probability of the beam failing under expected or extreme wind conditions significantly increases beyond what LRFD intends.The specific consequences include excessive deflection, which can damage non-structural elements and cause occupant discomfort, or more severely, yielding of the beam's material, leading to permanent deformation, or even catastrophic structural collapse during a design-level wind event. Furthermore, omitting required load combinations constitutes a violation of building codes, which are minimum legal requirements for public safety. This also exposes the designing engineer to professional liability if a failure occurs due to the unconsidered wind load.