How does the presence of harmonics affect the accuracy of power metering equipment in a substation, and what techniques are used to mitigate these effects?

Harmonics are voltage and current waveforms that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency (e.g., 60 Hz). Their presence in a power system can significantly affect the accuracy of power metering equipment in a substation. Traditional metering equipment, designed for sinusoidal waveforms, may not accurately measure power when harmonics are present. Errors in current and voltage measurements can occur due to harmonics. Harmonics distort the sinusoidal waveform, which can cause traditional meters to misread the RMS (root mean square) values of voltage and current. This leads to inaccurate power calculations. The power factor is also affected. Harmonics introduce reactive power components that can lower the powe....