Describe the specific challenges in applying distance protection to transmission lines with series compensation, and how are these challenges overcome?

Distance protection is a type of protective relaying that measures the impedance to a fault location on a transmission line. It operates based on the principle that the impedance is proportional to the distance to the fault. Series compensation involves installing series capacitors along the transmission line to reduce the line's inductive reactance. This increases the power transfer capability and improves voltage stability. However, series compensation introduces several challenges for distance protection. One major challenge is the underreaching or overreaching of the distance relay. Underreaching occurs when the relay sees a fault closer than its actual location, preventing it from tripping for a fault within its intended zone. Overreaching is the opposite, where the relay sees a fault farther away and trips for a fault outside its zone.....