Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are a set of chemical treatment procedures used to remove organic pollutants from wastewater that are resistant to conventional treatment methods. These pollutants are often termed "recalcitrant" meaning they are difficult to break down. AOPs work by generating highly reactive hydroxyl radicals ( *OH). Hydroxyl radicals are powerful oxidizing agents, second only to fluorine in their oxidizing power. The mechanism of action involves the following steps: Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals: AOPs use various methods to generate hydroxyl radicals, including ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and catalysts such as titanium dioxide (TiO2). Different AOPs use different combinations of these methods. For example, the UV/H2O2 process involves the photolysis (breakdown using l....
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